NASA and Columbia
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Parallel chains of command: engineering, mission, NASA center line structures
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External constraints on NASA shifted resources and risk managers' attention
from precautionary principles to managerialist concerns
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Risk assessors have lower status than risk managers, increasing social
distance for risk messages on the way up
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FBI and 9/11
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Parallel, firewalled chains of command: intelligence and criminal
investigation
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Top level internal investigations into FISA abuses and racial profiling
encouraged low level HQ analysts to tune out field office and translator risk
communications
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Top level management did not communicate risk messages down at HQ, which
prevented contextualization for risk messages coming up from geographically
dispersed field offices
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