Conclusions and Recommendations

• Do not scrape or plow a site to reduce weed seed beds, as mechanical disturbance of soil leads to grassland persistence

• Instead, plant vanguard species in grasslands (Baccharis pilularis and Artemisia californica): They can already deal with grass

• As vanguard individuals survive, grow, and age, augment their environs with species found just in front of an expanding CSS boundary

• Then, as patches grow and coalesce, plant those species more common in areas just behind a recovering boundary

• Last, as vanguard individuals age and die, place species that are more common well behind stable boundaries